Sains Malaysiana 52(9)(2023): 2559-2569

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-07

Antihyperlipidemic and Hepatoprotective Effect of Zingiber cassumunar Rhizome Extract in High-Fat Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemic Rats: The Role of Antioxidant Activity

(Kesan Antihiperlipidemik dan Hepatopelindung Ekstrak Rizom Zingiber cassumunar pada Tikus Hiperlipidemik Disebabkan Diet Tinggi Lemak: Peranan Aktiviti Antioksidan)

NURKHASANAH  MAHFUDH^1,*,  NANIK SULISTYANI¹,  NOVITA SARI¹, INDAH PUSPITA SARI¹, DEDI ADRIAN¹, FEZAH OTHMAN² & ZAINUL AMIRUDDIN ZAKARIA³

¹Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

²Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

³Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

Diserahkan: 12 November 2022/Diterima: 16 Ogos 2023

Abstract

Hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress are major risk factors for the onset of cardiovascular diseases, and the oxidative stress caused by high level of lipids can cause liver damage. Zingiber cassumunar has been reported to contain a high antioxidant content that may provide therapeutic advantages. The present study was to evaluate the antihyperlipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of Z. cassumunar rhizome extract (ZCRE) in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperlipidemicrats model and investigate the mechanism through its effect on the endogenous antioxidant enzymes. In this study, the rhizomes of Z. cassumunar was extracted using ethanol 96% (v/v) and evaporated to get the concentrated Z. cassumunar rhizome extract (ZCRE). Thin layer chromatography (TLC)-densitometry was performed to determine the curcumin content in the extract. High fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia model was used to evaluate the anti-hyperlipidemic and hepatoprotectiveactivities of ZCRE in rats. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: normal control; High fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats (HFD); High Fat Diet and 100 mg/kgBW of ZCRE (HFD + 100 mg/kgBW); High Fat Diet and 200 mg/kgBW of ZCRE (HFD + 200 mg/kgBW); and High Fat Diet and 400 mg/kgBW of ZCRE (HFD + 400 mg/kgBW). The antihyperlipidemic and hepatoprotective potential of ZCRE were assessed through a series of analyses of body weight, blood biochemical parameters, which include total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), the serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT). The antioxidant activity of catalase (CAT) and glutation peroxidase (GSH-Px) were assessed on the liver homogenate. Data of the study were presented as mean ± SD and analyzed by using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Least Significant Difference (LSD) test for multiple comparisons. The TLC analysis showed that ZCRE contained a significant amount of Curcumin. In addition, the study has also shown that ZRCE was able to significantly lower the levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, SGPT, and SGOT as compared to hyperlipidemic rats (p <0.05). Concomitantly, the activity of CAT and GSH-Px was found significantly increased (p <0.05) when compared to hyperlipidemic control, with the dose of 400 mg/kg BW being the most effective. This study showed the significant antihyperlipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of ZCRE in HFD-induced hyperlipidemic rats, which mechanism might possibly connect to the increased antioxidant enzyme activities.

Keywords: Antihyperlipidemic; antioxidant enzymes; catalase (CAT); glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px); hepatoprotective; Zingiber cassumunar

Abstrak

Hiperlipidemia dan tekanan oksidatif adalah faktor risiko utama untuk permulaan penyakit kardiovaskular dan tekanan oksidatif yang disebabkan oleh tahap lipid yang tinggi boleh menyebabkan kerosakan hati. Zingiber cassumunar telah dilaporkan mengandungi kandungan antioksidan yang tinggi yang mungkin memberikan kelebihan terapeutik. Kajian ini adalah untuk menilai kesan antihiperlipidemik dan hepatopelindung ekstrak rizom Z. cassumunar (ZCRE) pada model tikus hiperlipidemik akibat diet tinggi lemak (HFD) dan mengkaji mekanisme melalui kesannya ke atas enzim antioksidan endogen. Dalam kajian ini, rizom Z. cassumunar diekstrak menggunakan etanol 96% (v/v) dan disejat untuk mendapatkan ekstrak rizom Z. cassumunar pekat (ZCRE). Kromatografi lapisan nipis (TLC)-densitometri telah dijalankan untuk menentukan kandungan kurkumin dalam ekstrak. Model hiperlipidemia yang disebabkan oleh diet lemak tinggi digunakan untuk menilai aktiviti anti-hiperlipidemik dan hepatopelindung ZCRE pada tikus. Tikus Wistar jantan dibahagikan secara rawak kepada lima kumpulan: kawalan normal; Tikus hiperlipidemik (HFD) akibat diet tinggi lemak; Diet Tinggi Lemak dan 100 mg/kgBW ZCRE (HFD + 100 mg/kgBW); Diet Tinggi Lemak dan 200 mg/kgBW ZCRE (HFD + 200 mg/kgBW); dan Diet Tinggi Lemak dan 400 mg/kgBW ZCRE (HFD + 400 mg/kgBW). Potensi antihiperlipidemik dan hepatopelindung ZCRE dinilai melalui satu siri analisis berat badan, parameter biokimia darah yang termasuk jumlah kolesterol (TC), trigliserida (TG), serum glutamik-oksaloasetik transaminase (SGOT) dan serum glutamik-piruvik transaminase (SGPT). Aktiviti antioksidan katalase (CAT) dan glutation peroksidase (GSH-Px) dinilai pada homogenat hati. Data kajian dibentangkan sebagai min ± SD dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan analisis varians sehala (ANOVA) diikuti dengan ujian Perbezaan Ketara (LSD) untuk pelbagai perbandingan. Analisis TLC menunjukkan bahawa ZCRE mengandungi sejumlah besar Curcumin. Di samping itu, kajian juga telah mendedahkan bahawa ZRCE mampu menurunkan paras jumlah kolesterol, trigliserida, SGPT dan SGOT dengan ketara berbanding tikus hiperlipidemik (p <0.05). Pada masa yang sama, aktiviti CAT dan GSH-Px didapati meningkat dengan ketara (p <0.05) jika dibandingkan dengan kawalan hiperlipidemik dan dos 400 mg/kg BW adalah yang paling berkesan. Kajian ini menunjukkan kesan antihiperlipidemik dan hepatopelindung ZCRE yang ketara pada tikus hiperlipidemik yang disebabkan oleh HFD, yang mekanismenya mungkin bersambung dengan peningkatan aktiviti enzim antioksidan.

Kata kunci: Antihiperlipidemik; enzim antioksidan; katalase (CAT); glutation peroksidase (GSH-Px); hepatopelindung; Zingiber cassumunar

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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: nurkhasanah@pharm.uad.ac.id